NOAA’s Exploration and Research Efforts Inform Management Decisions for Deep-Sea Coral Communities: 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones: New England and Corner Rise Seamounts: NOAA Ocean Exploration

NOAA’s Exploration and Research Efforts Inform Management Decisions for Deep-Sea Coral Communities

Dani Weissman, NOAA Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program

NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program is participating virtually in NOAA Ocean Exploration’s current expedition to map and explore the New England and Corner Rise seamounts in the high seas (or international waters) of the North Atlantic. Equipped with a remotely operated vehicle and telepresence technology, the team aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer transmits video data in real time to shore-based scientists who help to guide the exploration and contribute their expertise during dives.

The data collected from NOAA’s deep-sea exploration and research efforts improve our scientific understanding of the diversity and distribution of deep-sea coral communities. This information will guide future exploration activities in the region. It will also aid resource managers in developing and evaluating management options for these valuable habitats—on which U.S. fisheries and communities depend.

A colony of bamboo coral with crinoids on Mytilus Seamount, which is within both the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and the Georges Bank Deep-Sea Coral Protection Area. While exploring this area in 2013, researchers observed that corals were diverse, but their composition and abundance differed between the north and south side of the seamount. Image courtesy of NOAA Ocean Exploration, Northeast U.S. Canyons Expedition 2013. Download largest version (jpg, 1.7 MB).

Seamounts Are Habitat for Deep-Sea Corals

The New England and Corner Rise seamounts form chains of rocky underwater islands. During the expedition, researchers have found an abundance of corals and sponges on the slopes of most seamounts. While diving on the Rockaway Seamount at a depth of approximately 4,200 meters (2.6 miles)—one of the deepest dives ever conducted in the region—the team observed a greater abundance of corals and sponge life than expected. These particular seamount chains may be hot spots of biological diversity for deep-sea corals and sponges.

Deep-sea corals and sponges create structurally complex habitats that support rich and vibrant communities of other species. Most deep-sea corals grow extremely slowly, and if damaged, they may take centuries to recover, if they recover at all. Deep-sea coral communities are vulnerable to damage from certain fishing gear, some energy exploration and development, cable deployment, and other activities that disturb the seafloor. Of the human activities that threaten deep-sea coral habitat, seafloor trawling is widely considered to have the greatest potential for damage. The Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization has recognized the New England and Corner Rise seamounts as vulnerable marine ecosystems and closed them to bottom fishing.

Discarded fishing gear caught on stony corals on Manning Seamount—part of the New England Seamount Chain. Image courtesy of DSV Alvin, Medusa Cruise on Manning Seamount, 2003. Download largest version (jpg, 206 KB).

U.S. Deep-Sea Coral Protections off New England

Since 2012, NOAA and partners have conducted multiple expeditions to map and survey areas of the seafloor off the U.S. Northeast continental shelf. These expeditions have revealed diverse deep-sea communities of corals, sponges, fish, and invertebrates. Scientists have also observed fishing impacts to deep-sea corals in the deep waters off New England. These data and information have been used by the Mid-Atlantic and New England Fishery Management Councils to establish several deep-sea coral habitat protection areas in the region:

Georges Bank Deep-Sea Coral Protection Area: This area was established in 2021 to reduce the impacts of fishing gear on deep-sea corals after considering long-term sustainable uses of the fishery resources in the area. Within the area, vessels are prohibited from fishing with bottom-tending gear but may continue to use crab pot gear.
Frank R. Lautenberg Deep-Sea Coral Protection Area: Established in 2016, the area covers more than 38,000 square miles from New York to Virginia on the outer continental shelf. Within the area, the use of most bottom-tending fishing gear such as trawls, dredges, bottom longlines, and traps, is prohibited.
Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument: Established in 2016, the monument is located off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and is approximately the size of Connecticut (4,913 square miles). Four New England seamounts that are in U.S. waters are within both the monument and the Georges Bank Protected Area.

The robotic arm of remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer collects a glass sponge off the rocky slope of the Rockaway Seamount on July 8, 2021. Researchers often need physical samples of coral and sponge specimens to be able to correctly identify them to the species level. Image courtesy of NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones: New England and Corner Rise Seamounts. Download largest version (jpg, 1.3 MB).

The NOAA Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program is proud to collaborate with NOAA Ocean Exploration and other partners to leverage complementary areas of expertise and resources to pursue priorities. The program is committed to continuing research activities that improve our understanding of deep-sea coral communities and aid resource managers in making informed management decisions.

Remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer surveys a large boulder covered in bamboo corals during the 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones expedition. Bamboo corals were locally abundant on these large boulders and more spread out throughout different hard-bottom habitats. Image courtesy of NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2021 North Atlantic Stepping Stones: New England and Corner Rise Seamounts. Download largest version (jpg, 609 KB).

Published July 28, 2021.