Yellow and orange microbial mats form a “bioreactor” mound with a thin crust and small chimneys on top. The crusty outer coating acts as a thermal blanket to elevate the internal temperature from diffuse venting and help retain reduced microbial nutrients. This mound is approximately 1 m (3 ft) across. Image courtesy of Submarine Ring of Fire 2004 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program.
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